Vaccinations

= = =By: Helena= =Research String= vaccination+time linetoc vaccination+inventor Edward Jenner+history definition+vaccination vaccination+how =**What**= A vaccine is an injection given to prevent serious diseases. A vaccination is a weakened form of the bacteria in the illness being prevented**.** The weakened form of the bacteria offers the body's immune system a chance to practice **defending the** body, so that if the body is infected the immune system will know what to do. =**Who**= The first vaccine (smallpox) was invented by Edward Jenner.

Edward Jenner was born on 17 May 1749 (6 May [|Old Style]) in [|Berkeley]. Jenner trained in [|Chipping Sodbury], South Gloucestershire as an apprentice to [|Daniel Ludlow], a surgeon, for eight years from the age of 14. In 1770 Jenner went up to surgery and anatomy under the [|surgeon] [|John Hunter] and others at [|St George's Hospital]. [|William Osler] records that Jenner was a student to whom Hunter repeated [|William Harvey]'s advice, very famous in medical circles (and characteristically Enlightenment), "Don't think, try".[|[][|4][|]] Jenner therefore was early noticed by famous men for advancing the practice and institutions of surgery. Hunter remained in correspondence with him over [|natural history] and proposed him for the Royal Society. Returning to his native countryside by 1773 he became a successful [|general practitioner] and surgeon, practicing in purpose-built premises at Berkeley. Jenner and others formed a medical society in [|Rodborough], [|Gloucestershire], meeting to read papers on medical subjects and dine together. Jenner contributed papers on [|angina]. This was the [|Fleece Medical Society] or Gloucestershire Medical Society, so called as it met in the parlor of the [|Fleece Inn, Rodborough]. //(wikipedia.org)// =**Where**= Edward Jenner was born in Berkeley but trained as the apprentice to Daniel Ludlow in Chipping Sodbury, South Gloucetershire. After he trained as a surgeon under John Hunter at St George's Hospital. =**When**= The first Vaccine was made in 1796.

=How it Has Changed Over Time= 18th century  1796 vaccine for smallpox developed by Edward Jenner. This was the first vaccine developed as a treatment for any disease, and was derived from a weakened version of the disease cowpox.  [edit] 19th century  1879 First vaccine for cholera  1885 First vaccine for rabies by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux  1890 First vaccine for tetanus  1896 First vaccine for typhoid fever  1897 First vaccine for bubonic plague  [edit] 20th century  1921 First vaccine for diphtheria  1926 First vaccine for pertussis (whooping cough)  1927 First vaccine for tuberculosis  1932 First vaccine for yellow fever  1937 First vaccine for typhus  1945 First vaccine for influenza  1952 First vaccine for polio by Jonas Salk <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1954 First vaccine for Japanese encephalitis <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1954 First vaccine for anthrax <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1957 First vaccine for adenovirus-4 and 7 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1962 First oral polio vaccine <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1963 First vaccine for measles <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1967 First vaccine for mumps <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1970 First vaccine for rubella <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1974 First vaccine for chicken pox <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1977 First vaccine for pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae) <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1978 First vaccine for meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis) <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1981 First vaccine for hepatitis B (first vaccine to target a cause of cancer) <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1985 First vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB) <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1992 First vaccine for hepatitis A <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1998 First vaccine for Lyme disease <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 1998 First vaccine for rotavirus <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> [edit] 21st century <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 2003 First nasal vaccine for influenza approved in US, FluMist by MedImmune <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 2006 First vaccine for human papillomavirus, Gardasil by Merck & Co. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> 2009 Swine flu vaccine (wikipedia.org)

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">First Generation of Vaccines (pre-1950s) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1798 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Smallpox <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1885 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Rabies <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1897 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Plague <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1917 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Cholera <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1917 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Typhoid vaccine (parenteral) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1923 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Diphtheria <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1926 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Pertussis <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1927 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Tuberculosis (BCG) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1927 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Tetanus <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1935 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Yellow Fever <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1940s <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> DTP <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1945 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The first influenza vaccines (flu) began being used. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1950s-1960s <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1955 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Inactivated polio vaccine licensed (IPV). <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1955 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids adsorbed (adult use, Td) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1959 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> World Health Assembly passes initial resolution calling for global smallpox eradication. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1961 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Monovalent oral polio vaccine licensed. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1963 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Trivalent oral polio vaccine licensed (OPV). <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1963 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The first measles vaccine licensed. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1964 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), designed to provide CDC with recommendations on vaccine use, holds its first meeting. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1964-1965 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 20,000 cases of Congenital Rubella Syndrome occurred during the largest rubella epidemic in the United States. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1966 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> U.S. Measles eradication goal enunciated. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1967 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Mumps vaccine licensed. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1969 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Rubella vaccine licensed - 57,600 rubella cases reported this year. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1970s <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1970 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Anthrax vaccine manufactured by the Michigan Department of Public Health. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1971 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Routine smallpox vaccination ceases in the United States. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1971 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Measles, Mumps, Rubella vaccine licensed (MMR). <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1976 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Swine Flu: largest public vaccination program in the United States to date; halted by association with Guillain-Barré syndrome. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1977 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Last indigenous case of smallpox (Somalia). <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1978 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Fluzone, the current flu vaccine that is made by Aventis pasteur, was licensed. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1979 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Last case of polio, caused by wild virus, acquired in the United States. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1980s <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1980 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Smallpox declared eradicated from the world. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1981 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine, groups A, C, Y, W135 combined (Menomune) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1982 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Hepatitis B vaccine becomes available. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1983 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Pneumococcal vaccine, 23 valent <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1986 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act establishes a no-fault compensation system for those injured by vaccines and requires adverse health events following specific vaccinations be reported and those injured by vaccines be compensated. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1988 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Worldwide Polio Eradication Initiative launched; supported by WHO, UNICEF, Rotary International, CDC and others. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1989-1991 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Major resurgence of measles in the United States - 55,000 cases compared with a low of 1,497 cases in 1983. Two-dose measles vaccine (MMR) is recommended. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1990s <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1990 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The Vaccine Adverse Reporting System (VAERS), a national program monitoring the safety of vaccines established. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1990 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) polysaccharide conjugate vaccine licensed for infants. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1990 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Typhoid vaccine (oral) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1991 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Hepatitis B vaccine recommended for all infants. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1991 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) licensed for use in older children aged 15 months to six years old. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1993 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Japanese encephalitis vaccine <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1994 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Polio elimination certified in the Americas. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1994 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Vaccines for Children (VFC) program established to provide access to free vaccines for eligible children at the site of their usual source of care. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1995 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> First harmonized childhood immunization schedule endorsed by ACIP, the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American Academy of Pediatrics is published. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1995 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Varicella vaccine licensed; before the vaccine an estimated 4 million infected annually in the United States. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1995 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Hepatitis A vaccine licensed. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1996 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) licensed for use in young infants. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1998 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> First rotavirus vaccine licensed. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1999 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Rotavirus vaccine withdrawn from the market as a result of adverse events. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1999 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Lyme disease vaccine approved by the FDA. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 1999 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> FDA recommends removing mercury from all products, including vaccines. Efforts are begun to remove thimerosal, a mercury based additive, from vaccines. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2000s <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2000 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Worldwide measles initiative launched; 800,000 children still die from measles annually. Measles declared no longer endemic in the United States. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2000 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar) recommended for all young children. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2001 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> September 11 results in increased concern of bioterrorism. The United States establishes a plan to re-introduce smallpox vaccine if necessary, a vaccine thought never to be needed again. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2002 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Lyme disease vaccine withdrawn from the market by the manufacturer because of lawsuits and lack of demand for the vaccine. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2003 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Measles declared no longer endemic in the Americas. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2003 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> First live attenuated influenza vaccine licensed (FluMist) for use in 5 to 49 year old persons. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2003 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> First Adult Immunization Schedule introduced. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2004 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Inactivated influenza vaccine recommended for all children 6 to 23 months of age. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2004 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Pediarix,a vaccine that combines the DTaP, IPV, and Hep B vaccines, into one shot, is approved. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2005 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Rubella declared no longer endemic in the United States. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2005 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Boostrix and Adacel, Tdap vaccines, are approved for teens. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2005 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Menactra, a new meningococcal vaccine is approved for people between the ages of 11 to 55 years of age. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2006 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> RotaTeq is a new rotavirus vaccine from Merck. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2006 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> ProQuad is a new vaccine that combines the MMR and Varivax vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and chicken pox into a single shot. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2006 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Gardasil, the first HPV vaccine is approved. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2007 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> A booster dose of Varivax, the chickenpox vaccine, is now recommended for all children. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2007 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> The recommended age for Flumist, the nasal spray flu vaccine, was lowered to two years. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2008 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Outbreaks of measles increasing across the U.S. as vaccination rates drop among some communities over vaccine safety fears. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2008 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Rotarix, a two dose rotavirus vaccine is approved. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2008 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Pentacel, a combination of DTaP, IPV and Hib is approved. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> 2008 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Kinrix, a combination of DTaP and IPV that can be used for children between the ages of 4 and 6 is approved. (keep kids healthy.com) confirmed by (http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vacc-timeline.htm)

=Webliography= [|Wikipedia (Timeline)] [|Health Affairs] [|Keep Kids Healthy] [|Wikipedia (Edward Jenner)]