Mobile+phones++(sofia)

 Mobile Phones By Sofia Daley Sevilla

What: A mobile phone is a small device that you can take around with you and call and talk to people without them being near you. You can also recive calls from other people. Mobiles are airy, hanging sculptures that move with the wind.

Who:

Alexander "Sandy" Calder (July 22, 1898-Nov. 11, 1976) was an artistic pioneer who created the art form called the mobile. Calder was born into a family of artists in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, and he began creating pieces at a very early age. Calder's mother was a painter; his father and grandfather were sculptors. After getting a degree in mechanical engineering (from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1919), he went to art school at the Art Students League in New York (from 1923 until 1926). Calder supported himself through school by working as an illustrator.

After having his first one-man show in New York in 1926, Calder traveled to Paris, France, which was then the art capital of the world. In Paris, he began creating small three-dimensional sculptures of circus figures made from wire, wood, and cloth; over the next few years, his works became more and more abstract. Eventually, he designed sculptures with painted elements that moved mechanically, and then went on to produce pieces that moved with the air. He called these free-moving, hanging sculptures "mobiles." He also designed "stabiles," sculptures that stood on the ground upon which a mobile balanced. By the early 1970s, Calder's mobiles were famous world-wide. His sculptures ranged in size from the monumental to jewelry-sized.

Dr. Martin Cooper invented the very first (modern) cell phone in 1973, in New York. He was also the first known person to make a call on one. 

Why: Mobile phones were invented because people wanted to communicate faster and at different locations.

When: Mobile phones were invented in the year

How have they changed over time: In 1835, American painter Samuel Morse made the first working electric telegraph using an electromagnet. By 1838 he had also developed the system of dots and dashes which enabled complex messages to be sent. By 1844 he had raised support from Congress and the first telegraph line was opened, from Baltimore to Washington. Morse sent the first message: 'What hath God wrought?' || Alexander Graham Bell made the first telephone call on March 10, 1876, in Boston, through the Liquid Transmitter he had designed. He uttered the first words to be carried over a wire: "Mr. Watson, come here, I want you!" || In 1906, a radio engineer named Lee de Forest transmitted a message to an experimental phone in a car idling on a New York street: "How do you like your first wireless ride? The fire department, steamships, and railways ought to adopt the same method of communication." Later he declared: "Hereafter, we hope it will be possible for businessmen, even while automobiling, to stay in constant touch." || In the early 1980's the consultants McKinsey & Co were hired by AT&T to forecast the growth in the mobile market until the end of the millennium. They projected a world market of 900,000. Today, 900,000 handsets are sold every three days. || Vodafone and Cellnet opened for business in January 1985. Cellnet's charges were as follows: -Lease of cellular phone - £164 per quarter (equivalent of approximately £262 at today's prices) -Installation charge - £100 (approximately £160 at today's prices) -Connection to Cellnet system - £60 (approximately £96 at today's prices) || SMS - the Short Message Service - was launched in 1994 enabling short text messages to be exchanged between mobiles. || From 1 January 1999, mobile phone customers were able to keep their old number when switching networks. The UK is the first country in the world to give customers this ability. || Today we have picture phones, multimedia video messaging and 3G handsets. Mobile phones have become a massive part of our lives, so much so that you sometimes wonder how you got by without one! || Webliography : http://www.phonehistory.co.uk/mobile-phones-history.html
 * **1835** ||  || [[image:http://www.phonehistory.co.uk/images/samuelmorse.gif width="54" height="62"]] ||
 * **1876** ||  || [[image:http://www.phonehistory.co.uk/images/alexandergb.gif width="54" height="43"]] ||
 * **1906** ||  || [[image:http://www.phonehistory.co.uk/images/deforest1.jpg width="54" height="70"]] ||
 * **1912** || The first commercial telephone calls in the UK were made in 1912 when the General Post Office controlled the telephone networks. ||
 * **1946** || In 1946 a mobile telephone service (MTS) was introduced by AT&T in the United States. A mobile user who wished to place a call from a radiotelephone had to search manually for an unused 35-megahertz or 150-megahertz band before they could place a call. Only one person could speak at a time and the call direction was controlled by a push-to-talk button on the handset just like a walkie talkie. ||
 * || When mobiles were first launched, each country was limited to its own national area - they could call overseas landlines or mobiles but they would not work overseas. The first mobile phone weighed 76lbs (34kg). ||
 * **1880** ||  || [[image:http://www.phonehistory.co.uk/images/graph.jpg width="54" height="41"]] ||
 * **1983** || In May 1983 Licences were granted to Cellnet and Vodafone to provide national cellular radio networks in the UK. ||
 * **1985** || 1985 saw the emergence of shoulder phones which operated with more than 20kg worth of batteries… which is why they were used mostly in cars. ||
 * ||  || [[image:http://www.phonehistory.co.uk/images/coin.gif width="54" height="62"]] ||
 * **1991** || The first call ever placed on a commercial GSM (Global Standard for Mobile) phone was on 1 July 1991. Harri Holkeri, governor of the Bank of Finland, telephoned the mayor of Helsinki to talk about the price of Baltic herring. ||
 * **1993** || September 1993 saw the launch of One 2 One, the first GSM 1800 all-digital network in the world. ||
 * **1994** || April 1994 Hutchison Microtel announced the launch of its UK network, Orange. ||
 * ||  || [[image:http://www.phonehistory.co.uk/images/sms.gif width="54" height="48"]] ||
 * **1998** || In December 1998, Oftel Director General, David Edmonds, announced an intention to implement fully the recommendations made by the MMC following an investigation, made at the request of Oftel, into the price of calls made to mobile phones. ||
 * || In 1998 more mobile phones were sold world-wide than cars and PCs combined. ||
 * **1999** ||  || [[image:http://www.phonehistory.co.uk/images/uk.gif width="54" height="50"]] ||
 * || April 1999 saw the emergence of the first mobiles able to send email and use the web. ||
 * || 22 September 1999, House of Commons Science and Technology Committee finds no health risk from mobile phones apart from use while driving, though urges manufacturers to continue research. ||
 * **TODAY** || ||  || [[image:http://www.phonehistory.co.uk/images/phone1.gif width="54" height="62"]] ||
 * [[image:http://www.phonehistory.co.uk/images/phone1.gif width="54" height="62"]] ||