Paper

=The invention of paper:= By: Emily

=Who:=

Cai Lun (蔡伦) was born in Guiyang (modern day [|Leiyang], [|Hunan]) during the Eastern [|Han Dynasty]. After serving as a court eunuch from AD 75, he was given several promotions under the rule of [|Emperor He of Han]. In AD 89 he was promoted with the title of //Shang Fang Si//, an office in charge of manufacturing instruments and weapons; he also became a Regular Palace Attendant (中常侍).[|[][|3][|]] He was involved in palace intrigue as a supporter of [|Empress Dou], and in the death of her romantic rival, [|Consort Song].[|[][|4][|]] After the death of Empress Dou in AD 97, he became an associate of [|Consort Deng Sui]. In AD 105, Cai invented the composition for paper along with the papermaking process - though he may have been credited with an invention of someone from a lower class.[|[][|5][|]] Tools and machinery of papermaking in modern times may be more complex, but they still employ the ancient technique of felted sheets of fiber suspended in water, draining of the water, and then drying into a thin matted sheet.[|[][|6][|]] For this invention Cai would be world-renowned posthumously, and even in his own time he was given recognition for his invention. A part of his official [|biography] written later in China read thus (Wade-Giles spelling): > //In ancient times writings and inscriptions were generally made on tablets of bamboo or on pieces of silk called chih. But silk being costly and bamboo heavy, they were not convenient to use. Tshai Lun Cai Lun then initiated the idea of making paper from the bark of trees, remnants of hemp, rags of cloth, and fishing nets. He submitted the process to the emperor in the first year of Yuan-Hsing [+105] and received praise for his ability. From this time, paper has been in use everywhere and is universally called 'the paper of Marquis Tshai'.//[|[][|3][|]] As listed above, the papermaking process included the use of materials like [|bark], [|hemp], [|silk], and [|fishing net]; his exact formula has been lost. Emperor He was pleased with the invention and granted Cai an aristocratic title and great wealth. In 121, Consort Song's grandson [|Emperor An of Han] assumed power after Empress Deng's death and Cai was ordered to report to prison. Before he was to report, he committed [|suicide] by drinking [|poison] after taking a bath and dressing in fine silk robes.[|Will Durant, The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage, Chapter XXV-The Age of the Artists, part 2 (The Revival of Learning)] Cai was later revered in Chinese [|ancestor worship]. [|Fei Zhu] of the later [|Song Dynasty] (960-1279) wrote that a [|temple] in honor of Cai Lun had been erected in [|Chengdu], where several hundred families involved in the papermaking industry traveled five miles from the south to come and pay respect

=What:= Paper is a versatile material with many uses. Whilst the most common is for [|writing] and [|printing] upon, it is also widely used as a [|packaging] material, in many [|cleaning] products, in a number of industrial and construction processes, and occasionally as a [|food ingredient], particularly in Asian cultures.
 * Paper** is a thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist [|fibers], typically [|cellulose] pulp derived from [|wood], [|rags] or [|grasses], and drying them into flexible sheets.

Paper was invented by T'sai Lun in 105 AD, which was one of the four great inventions by the Chinese(printing,the compass,paper and gunpowder). T'sai Lun not only greatly improved the paper making technique, but also made it possible to use a variety of materials, such as tree bark, hemp, rags, etc. The earliest paper discovered in Fufeng County, Shaanxi, was made from hemp during the Western Han (206 BC - 24 AD). Bamboo paper was produced in the Tang Dynasty (608 - 907). Xuan paper made in Jing County, Anhui, is probably the best-known paper, which is mainly used in Chinese painting and calligraphy. Xuan paper is soft, smooth, white, absorbent and very durable. Paper making was introduced to Korea and Vietnam during the 3rd century and to the West around the 8th century. The first paper mill in Europe was built in 1009.

=When: = The [|Arabs] revolutionised the book's production and its binding in the [|medieval Islamic world]. They were the first to produce [|paper] books after they learnt [|papermaking] from the Chinese in the 8th century.[|[][|17][|]] Particular skills were developed for script writing ([|Arabic calligraphy]), [|miniatures] and [|bookbinding]. The people who worked in making books were called //Warraqin// or paper professionals. The Arabs made books lighter—sewn with silk and bound with leather covered paste boards, they had a flap that wrapped the book up when not in use. As paper was less reactive to humidity, the heavy boards were not needed. The production of books became a real industry and cities like [|Marrakech], Morocco, had a street named //Kutubiyyin// or book sellers which contained more than 100 bookshops in the 12th century; the famous [|Koutoubia Mosque] is named so because of its location in this street. In the words of Don Baker: The world of Islam has produced some of the most beautiful books ever created. The need to write down the Revelations which the Prophet [|Muhammad], may peace be upon him, received, fostered the desire to beautify the object which conveyed these words and initiated this ancient craft. Nowhere else, except perhaps in China, has writing been held in such high esteem. Splendid illumination was added with gold and vibrant colours, and the whole book contained and protected by beautiful bookbindings.

=Where:= The first piece of paper was made in AD 105 in China by T'sai Lun. The first book was made sometime in the 8th century by the Arabs. The first paper mill in Europe was made in 1900. The first Christmas cards were commissioned by Sir Henry Cole in 1843 in London. The first newspaper was published in Venice by the government monthly in 1556 which was called Notizie scrittie and cost one gazetta. The first manufactured paper doll was called Little Fanny and was produced by a brand called S&J Fuller,in London, in 1810. The first sticky note was made in Cynthia,Kentucky in the 1990's by a brand called Post-It. The first paper made from wood pulp was made by Charles Fenerty of Halifax in 1838. The first paper grocerery bag was made in 1630 by a lady called Margaret Knight. They only became popular during the industrial period. Information gathered from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#History http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_card#History http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book#Etymology http://www.opdag.com/history.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-it_note http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/papermaking.htm http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/papermaking.htm

=Why:= //In ancient times writings and inscriptions were generally made on tablets of bamboo or on pieces of silk called chih. But silk being costly and bamboo heavy, they were not convenient to use. T'sai Lun then initiated the idea of making paper from the bark of trees, remnants of hemp, rags of cloth, and fishing nets. He submitted the process to the emperor in the first year of Yuan-Hsing [+105] and received praise for his ability.// //From://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Lun#cite_note-needham_volume_5_40-2|]]]

=Interesting Fact:= Papyrus is a product of the water reed of the same name found along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. It was probably made from the outer skin since the center is pithy. Layers of the reed were laid on a stone slab side by side and the next layer was laid on top of the first at right angles to those on the bottom. The whole mass was then moistened with water, pressed, and dried, resulting in a laminated mass. The dried material was hammered to make it more compact and rubbed with a smooth stone to produce a writing surface. Samples of papyrus have been found dating back to 3,500 B.C. Greeks and Romans also wrote on it, and its use persisted until about the 10th century A.D. when overproduction or disease wiped out the crops. Papyrus has been reintroduced, and the Center for Papyrus Research near Cairo, Egypt, makes small quantities using the old methods. Paper developed separately in China around 200 BCE. It differs from papyrus in that the plants have been beaten to separate the fibers, suspended evenly in water, placed on a webbing to drain off the water, and dried. The beating allows a hydrogen bonding to form between the fibers. This hydrogen bonding gives paper its cohesion and tearing strength. Paper can be made from any cellulose-containing plant such as cotton, hemp, wood chips, bagasse, straw, kenaf, etc. Paper derives its name from papyrus and is a transferred application of an old name to a new material. From: http://www.ipst.gatech.edu/amp/general/museum_faq.htm#papyrusandpaper
 * 1.What is the difference between papyrus and paper?**

2.Spacing between words was invented by Irish monks.
Irish monks introduced spacing between words in the 7th century. This facilitated reading, as these monks tended to be less familiar with Latin. However, the use of spaces between words did not become commonplace before the 12th century. It has been argued that the use of spacing between words shows the transition from semi-vocalized reading into silent reading.[|[][|15][|]]

From:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book#Etymology

Great inventions website: [[image:Screen_shot_2010-11-30_at_1.53.29_PM.png]]
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=Webliography:= [] [|http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa_invention_paper02a.ht] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] Photos: smashingmagazine.com en.wikivisual.com Little Fanny paper dolls.Google. Arabian decorated book.Google. Paper mill.Google. Paper.Google.



= How is Paper Made? = If you really want to know about paper and papermaking, you've got to get to know trees. Trees are all around you. But have you ever really thought about how they're put together? They're pretty cool. Just look at a tree trunk. The //bark// protects the inner wood from weather, insects and other dangers. Just inside the bark is a thin layer called the //cambium//, whose cells become both bark and inner wood. Next is //sapwood//, which carries nourishing sap throughout the tree the same way our blood flows through our bodies to nourish us. //Heartwood// is the innermost part of the trunk, and even though it isn't alive, it provides the tree with strength and structure. All that wood material is formed of //fibers//, tiny cellulose strands stuck together with a natural adhesive material called //lignin//. It's by separating and reorganizing those fibers that we make paper. Some paper is made brand-new from trees - either small trees harvested just for that purpose, or from sawmill scraps left over when larger trees are made into lumber. A second source of papermaking material is //recycled fiber//. Each year, more and more paper is recycled - its fibers used a second, third or fourth time. Every year, about 50% of the paper Americans use is recovered for recycling and other uses. Almost all of the paper you use today is made of wood fibers. Some specialty papers, like stationery and money, are made from linen, cotton, or other plants. Other papers contain a combination of cellulose fibers and synthetics such as latex. Still others are made completely from synthetic materials such as polyolefine. You might find latex in a waterproof mariner's chart, or polyolefine in a rugged courier envelope. But you'll find natural fiber paper almost everywhere! Yes, but it's not that simple. Each tree species grows a certain way, and that affects the way its wood looks and performs. Foresters divide trees into two categories: //hardwood// and //softwood// species. Hardwood trees such as oaks and maples have wood with very short fibers. Paper made from these species is weaker than that made from softwoods, but its surface is smoother, and therefore better to write and print on. Softwood trees such as pine and spruce have wood with long fibers, and paper made from this type of wood is much stronger. This paper is ideal for making products like shipping containers that require superior strength. But the finish is rougher, and that's not as good for writing, printing and many other uses. Happily, we can blend fiber from hardwoods and softwoods into a single paper, getting just the combination of strength, whiteness, writing surface and other characteristics that we want. And that's just what we do! Most of the paper you see today is made from both hardwoods and softwoods, a special blend for each purpose. We make newsprint to be opaque (that means difficult to see through) - so you only see the newspaper's comics, not the stock market report on the other side! We make grocery bag paper strong, tissue soft, fine writing paper smooth. Even within the same category, there's quite a range. Among printing papers, for example, compare the thin sheets of a Bible to the thick, tough pages of a kid's picture book. The basic recipe - wood, water and energy - is adjusted to make just the paper that's needed. First, workers harvest trees, mostly from special tree-growing areas called tree farms. After the trees are removed, more trees are planted in their place. While they are growing, the young trees produce lots of oxygen, and provide great habitat for deer, quail, turkeys and other wildlife. The logs are transported to the paper company where they get a bath to rinse away dirt and other impurities before being turned into small chips of wood. The chips are then sorted according to size, and moved to the //pulping// operation, where they will be turned into pulp for making paper. In the pulping stage, the individual wood fibers in the chips must be separated from one another. This can be accomplished using one or more pulping techniques. The type of paper that's being made determines the pulping process that is used. The finished pulp looks like a mushy, watery solution. But if you look at it under a microscope, you will see that the individual wood fibers have all been separated.
 * Consider the source**
 * Wood is wood?**

Now it's time to make paper out of our pulp. That mainly means getting the water out of the wood-fiber soup, since this papermaking //stock// is about 99% water. The first area in which this takes place is called the //wet end// of the papermaking machine.

First, papermakers spray the stock onto a long, wide screen, called a wire. Immediately, water begins to drain out the bottom of the wire. This water is collected so that it can be reused over and over again. Meanwhile, the pulp fibers are caught on the top side of the wire, and begin to bond together in a very thin mat. The fiber mat remaining on the wire is then squeezed between felt-covered press rollers to absorb more of the water. Even when this wet end work is over, the pulpy stuff on the wire is still about 60% water. But now it's time for the //dry end.// In the dry end, huge metal cylinders are heated by filling them with steam. The wet paper, which can be up to 30 feet wide, passes through these hot rollers - sometimes dozens of them, and often in three to five groups. Heating and drying the wet sheet seals the fibers closer and closer together, turning them gradually from pulp into paper. When you look at a piece of paper, can you find any difference in thickness in that single sheet? Probably not, thanks to a part of the paper machine called the //calender// - big, heavy cast iron rollers that press the drying paper smooth and uniform in thickness. Sometimes the paper is coated, often with fine clay, to make it glossier and easier to print on.

From:Paper university
=Papyrus:= Papyrus usually grow 2–3 metres (5–9 ft) tall. Papyrus is first known to have been used in [|ancient Egypt] (at least as far back as the [|First dynasty]), but it was also used throughout the [|Mediterranean] region. Ancient Egypt used this plant as a writing material and for boats, mattresses, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. Papyrus was first manufactured in Egypt as far back as the third millennium BCE.[|[][|2][|]] In the first centuries BCE and CE, papyrus [|scrolls] gained a rival as a writing surface in the form of [|parchment], which was prepared from animal skins.[|[][|3][|]] Sheets of parchment were folded to form quires from which [|book-form codices] were fashioned. Early Christian writers soon adopted the codex form, and in the Græco-Roman world it became common to cut sheets from papyrus rolls to form codices. Codices were an improvement on the papyrus scroll as the papyrus was not pliable enough to fold without cracking and a long roll, or scroll, was required to create large volume texts. Papyrus had the advantage of being relatively cheap and easy to produce, but it was fragile and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness. Unless the papyrus was of good quality, the writing surface was irregular, and the range of media that could be used was also limited. Papyrus was replaced in Europe by the cheaper locally-produced products [|parchment] and [|vellum], of significantly higher durability in moist climates, though [|Henri Pirenne]'s connection of its disappearance with the Muslim overrunning of Egypt is contended.[|[][|4][|]] Its last appearance in the [|Merovingian] chancery is with a document of 692, though it was known in [|Gaul] until the middle of the following century. The latest certain dates for the use of papyrus are 1057 for a papal decree (typically conservative, all papal "bulls" were on papyrus until 1022), under [|Pope Victor II],[|[][|5][|]] and 1087 for an Arabic document. Its use in Egypt continued until it was replaced by more inexpensive paper introduced by [|Arabs]. Papyrus was documented as in use as late as the 12th century in the [|Byzantine Empire], but there are no surviving examples. Although its uses had transferred to parchment, papyrus therefore just overlapped with the use of [|paper] in Europe, which began in the 11th century. [//[|citation needed]//] From:Wikipedia
 * Papyrus** (pronounced [|/pəˈpaɪrəs/] ) is a thick [|paper-like] material produced from the [|pith] of the papyrus plant, //[|Cyperus papyrus]//,[|[][|1][|]] a wetland [|sedge] that was once abundant in the [|Nile Delta] of [|Egypt].