Camera

The First Photograph.

The first photograph was taken in 1814 by Nicephore Nicepce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris; the photograph though was not permanent and it faded.Niépce built on a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz (1724): a silver and chalk mixture darkens under exposure to light. While this was the introduction of photoraphy, the history of the camera can be traced back much further. Fascinated with the craze for the newly-invented art of phography which swept over France in 1813, he began his initial experiments by 1816. Unable to draw well, Niépce first placed engravings, made transparent, onto engraving stones or glass plates coated with a light-sensitive varnish of his own composition. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_camera

The First Camera Made.

The first camera invented was made by Alexander Wolcott. His camera design was patented on May 8, 1840. His invention made it possible for candid photos to be taken and not fade away with time. Mr. Wolcott also has the distinction of opening the earliest photography shop (known as a daguerran parlor) in New York. http://photography.lovetoknow.com/First_Camera_Invented

== Kodak and the birth of film ==   Kodak No. 2 Brownie box camera, circa 1910 The use of [|photographic film] was pioneered by [|George Eastman], who started manufacturing paper film in 1885 before switching to[|celluloid] in 1889. His first camera, which he called the "[|Kodak] ," was first offered for sale in 1888 . It was a very simple [|box camera] with a fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed, which along with its relatively low price appealed to the average consumer. The Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for 100 exposures and needed to be sent back to the factory for processing and reloading when the roll was finished. By the end of the 19th century Eastman had expanded his lineup to several models including both box and folding cameras. In 1900, Eastman took mass-market photography one step further with the [|Brownie], a simple and very inexpensive box camera that introduced the concept of the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|snapshot]. The Brownie was extremely popular and various models remained on sale until the 1960s. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Film also allowed the <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|movie camera] to develop from an expensive toy to a practical commercial tool. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Despite the advances in low-cost photography made possible by Eastman, plate cameras still offered higher-quality prints and remained popular well into the 20th century. To compete with rollfilm cameras, which offered a larger number of exposures per loading, many inexpensive plate cameras from this era were equipped with magazines to hold several plates at once. Special backs for plate cameras allowing them to use film packs or rollfilm were also available, as were backs that enabled rollfilm cameras to use plates. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Except for a few special types such as <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Schmidt cameras], most professional <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|astrographs] continued to use plates until the end of the century when electronic photography replaced them. <span style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_camera

<span style="font-size: 150%; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pictures. http://www.compfight.com/search/old-camera/1-3-1-1

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**What Is It ?** =

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">A camera is a device that is used to transfer an image onto either a sheet of film or a space on a digital hard drive. It does this by collecting light that is reflected off an object and then creating a copy of the image on whatever storage device the particular camera uses. There a number of different of<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|different types of cameras], some of which capture still images while others focus on moving images.

Read more: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #003399; padding-right: 10px;">[|What Is a Camera? | eHow.com] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"> <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #003366; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: #003366; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Security cameras were first used by the US Military in the 1940s. Cameras were set up during the testing of the V2 missile in order to safely monitor the tests. By using cameras, officials were able to watch the testing at close range without danger. This gave them the ability to look more closely for possible defects, without risk of injury to any inspectors. <span style="color: #003366; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In the 1960s, officials in the UK began installing security cameras in public places to monitor crowds during rallies. Placement of security cameras became more widespread, both in public spaces and retail stores, as the technology grew more advanced and the cost decreased. Today in Britain, security cameras monitor roads, sidewalks and squares in city centers, public rail stations and buses, as well as in retail shops and other businesses. <span style="color: #003366; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">In the United States, the first security cameras were set up in a public building in 1969, in the New York City Municipal building. This practice quickly spread to other cities and was soon widely implemented. Unlike the UK, security cameras in public spaces in the United States are rarely used. However, in the 1970s and 80s, camera use became more common in establishments prone to security threats, like banks, convenience stores, and gas stations. Security cameras were installed in the World Trade Center as a preventative measure after the terrorist attacks in 1993. By the mid-90s, ATMs across the country were commonly equipped with__ [|CCTV] __ cameras, and many retail stores used CCTV to prevent theft. <span style="color: #003366; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Personal use of security cameras has become quite prolific. As the technology has become much easier and less expensive to acquire. Because of this, the use of security cameras has become widespread, not only among large retail stores, but among smaller operations like homes, "mom-and-pop" convenience stores, small businesses, and independent retailers. ||
 * =<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;">**History of Security Cameras** =
 * http://www.alphacardsecurity.com/security-cameras/history.shtml

**Ensign, Midget folding roll film camera, c1934** <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 12px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 12px; border-collapse: separate; color: #cc6633; font-family: Palatino; font-size: medium;">**Ensign Midget Type 55, the picture shows it next to a modern 35mm cassette for comparison. The negatives the Midget takes are considerably bigger than a 35mm neg'. The Ensign Midget was available in three models, the 22, 33 and 55. Based on the same body, they varied in shutter and lenses fitted, with the model 22 being the most basic. During 1935 the 33 and 55 were available in silver paint to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of the Monarch of Great Britain. Production of all models ceased in 1940. This example was donated by my sister in 1984. Although in usable condition it is quite tatty, with large areas of the wrinkle finish paint missing and the plating worn off. The leatherbellows are patched. In view of its poor condition, it is due for a complete restoration that will entail de-riveting the body, stripping and repainting, re-nickel plating the front panel and other components and making new bellows. The lens board paint is salvageable.** <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 12px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 12px; border-collapse: separate; color: #cc6633; font-family: Palatino; font-size: medium;">**http://licm.org.uk/livingImage/Midget.html**

<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 12px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 12px; border-collapse: separate; color: #cc6633; font-family: Palatino; font-size: medium;"> **|| **Kodak Retina 117, 35mm folding camera 1934** ||**|||| **The First Kodak Retina. One of the more important camera's from history, the model 117 Retina introduced the world to 35mm film wound into a "Daylight Loading Cartridge". Although cameras utilizing the 35mm movie film already existed (most famously Ernst Leitz's Leica), it was Kodak who thought of packaging up a convenient length into a daylight loading cartridge, called the 135 format and kicked off the 35mm revolution. The Retina 117 was the launch camera for this film. The 117 is identified easily as it has the wind on release knob on top of the housing next to the advance wheel and is the only Retina to ever have this. The model 117 was replaced by the 118 within a year, so production was quite short lived. Many thanks to Mrs. F. Kennedy for donating it, and her late husband for hoarding it ! The camera was discovered in a box unknown to anyone and was in a bad way with many problems, sadly he took the secret of why he had it to the grave. The old Retina was rebuilt to working order and is regularly aired. The early Retinas are very usable classics, but be careful to depress the two lens board locks before trying to close one, forcing by unknowing individuals will bend the struts. Also ensure the lens is focussed at infinity, otherwise the extended front will scratch the inside surface of the front hatch. Also trying to close one with theshutter cocked will pinch the cocking lever in the hatch too. The early Retinas are finished in black lacquer but by the end of 1939 this had given way to chrome. http://licm.org.uk/livingImage/Retina117.html

<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 12px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 12px; border-collapse: separate;"> **|| **Sanderson Regular hand & stand 5 x 4" plate camera c1902** ||**|| **Sanderson cameras were designed by F. H. Sanderson, his camera incorporated improvements allowing architectural photography to be undertaken without distortion and the first arrived in 1895-6, see advert below. The heart of all Sanderson cameras are the four lens board support struts which allow the lens to be moved off and about its axis to correct undesirable perspective effects in the image. Other than this the camera follows conventional practice. Production was entrusted to specialist camera makers, notably Houghtons. These early models were intended for tripod use only, which is understandable as the image has to be inspected carefully on the ground glass screen to get the full benefit of the lens movements. In 1899 a 'hand and stand' version was introduced and the strut design was refined in 1902 to become the definitive version, with sprung pins that allow the lens board to tilt. A further two sprung pins mounted on the lens board itself disengage to allow the lens board to swing. Re-engaging is simple and the camera can be set to the neutral datums easily, without the need to inspect the image, essential in a hand camera, and the reason for the inclusion of these design elements. Our example was acquired in October 2007, missing some vital parts but restored from our collection of spare parts. This is an early example with the 1902 pattern struts. Square cornered bellows give away its age, these died out very early in the century owing to the ease of 'pin holing'. These early ones don't appear to have been fitted with spirit levels. Houghtons played around with many small aspects of the construction and the quality of the build improved noticeably over the first three to four years of production. This one is quite rough in places! These types of camera were often owned by professionals who saw them more as tools of the trade, subsequently modifying them as better lenses and shutters became available. It is not unusual to find that the focus scales have been deleted or moved and the original shutter long gone. This example is no exception and has been restored using an appropriate Unicum shutter and other parts from a long dead example. At some time in the past it was modified to have a rear focus rack fitted, to allow fine focus of short focal length lenses, this has been retained as it has been well done, perhaps even by Houghtons, though it is definitely not from new. http://licm.org.uk/livingImage/Sanderson.html

http://licm.org.uk/livingImage/Thornton_Pickard.html
 * **Thornton Pickard Double extension quarter plate camera, c1905** ||**|| **Mahogany & brass, double extension field camera with Thornton Pickard roller shutter, twin rack and pinion focus (the picture shows the extension at its fullest extent) with rise and fall movements. Lens and tailboard tilt is also possible. These cameras were made to be used on a stand only, so no form of finder other than the ground glass screen is supplied. Thornton Pickard made cameras of this sort for mail order companies and others such as Boots (the chemists) and when found they are frequently unmarked in any way. Acquired in 1991.

http://licm.org.uk/livingImage/Kodak_VPK-1914.html
 * **Kodak, Vest Pocket Autographic Kodak camera, c1914** ||**|| **The Kodak Vest Pocket Kodak, often lnown simply by the intials VPK, is a trellis strut folding 127 roll film camera with autographic feature. The autographic feature first appeared around 1914 consisted of a small trap door in the back of the camera that could be opened to gain access to the backing paper of the roll film. The idea being that once a picture had been exposed, this trap door was opened and, using a supplied metal stylus, the photographer scratched any details of the picture into the backing paper. This would result in a thinning of the paper, and by directing the open trap door to light - the details would be recorded photographically in the gap between negatives. Fitted with Kodak ball bearing shutter, these seem to last the test of time, nearly all the ones I've come across still worked, this one is the exception, although after a total stripdown and clean it now works again. For the era, it's quite an intricate mechanism, especially considering the numbers produced. The trellis strut arrangement avoided the problems of the lens board flexing under the strain of the bellows, it also allows fairly rapid deployment of the lens. The camera was made with a number of styling variations throughout its production life, early ones appear to have smooth paint on the lens board, this chanked to crackle finish a little later. This particular camera was donated in July 2009 by Mr. S. Hedley.



**|| **Richards, Verascope stereoscopic camera No.7b, c1913** ||**

http://licm.org.uk/livingImage/Verascope.html
 * **French stereoscopic camera. To explain, the camera has two lenses that are set apart. Each lens exposes a different picture at the moment the exposure is made. Because the lenses are set apart the resulting two negatives are slightly different, and when each print from these negatives is viewed correctly with a special viewer so that what the left hand lens took can only be viewed with the left eye, and so with the right - the images combine to form a 3 dimensional image. It's wonderful and slightly odd, pictures of people at about 3 metres appear as though they are cardboard cutouts! This is rather a tatty example but functioning perfectly, with either plate magazine (which I prefer) or 127 roll film back.

Donated in August 2004 by Mr. E Phoeby. http://licm.org.uk/livingImage/Ektra22-EF.html
 * **Kodak Ektra 22-EF, 110 cassette film camera, c1978** ||**|| **For the vast majority of people who take pictures and don't want to be encumbered with all the technicalities, an equally vast number of cameras have been designed. One problem was the loading of film which often entailed routing film or paper backing leaders over rollers and into fiddly slots. The 110 cassette was designed to overcome this, simply being dropped into the back of the camera. Cameras making use of this film were generally very simple indeed, literally being point and press. The negative size of 13 x 17mm was rather limiting and exposure control was either very basic or relied upon the films wide latitude to achieve a result - which were often rather grainy. The Kodak Ektra 22-EF is not un-typical of the breed, being very limited in functions....and quite sizable compared to the negative it produces.

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-top-color: #ff3300; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 3px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: inherit; width: 930px;"><span style="display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; zoom: 1;"><span style="display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -336px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; width: 930px;"><span style="display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 351px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-decoration: inherit;">|||| VIDEO CAMERA..

The first machine patented in the United States that showed animated pictures or movies was a device called the "wheel of life" or "zoopraxiscope". Patented in 1867 by William Lincoln, moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit in the zoopraxiscope. However, this was a far cry from motion pictures as we know them today. Modern motion picture making began with the invention of the motion picture camera. <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"> The Frenchman Louis Lumiere is often credited as inventing the first motion picture camera in 1895. But in truth, several others had made similar inventions around the same time as Lumiere. What Lumiere invented was a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and projector called the Cinematographe, three functions covered in one invention. <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"> The Cinematographe made motion pictures very popular, and it could be better be said that Lumiere's invention began the motion picture era. In 1895, Lumiere and his brother were the first to present projected, moving, photographic, pictures to a paying audience of more that one person. <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"> The Lumiere brothers were not the first to project film. In 1891, the Edison company successfully demonstrated the Kinetoscope, which enabled one person at a time to view moving pictures. Later in 1896, Edison showed his improved __<span style="color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">[|Vitascope] __ projector and it was the first commercially, successful, projector in the U.S.. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-top-color: #ff3300; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 3px; display: block; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration: inherit; width: 930px;"><span style="display: block; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; zoom: 1;"><span style="display: block; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: -336px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; width: 930px;"><span style="display: block; display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 351px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: static; text-decoration: inherit;">|||| <span style="display: inline !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"> http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blmotionpictures.htm ||



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